Moscow is the capital and most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is an important political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the most northern megacity on Earth, the second most populous city in Europe after Istanbul, and the sixth most populous city in the world. Its population is 12,108,257 inhabitants. By virtue of its territorial expansion southwest of the Moscow Oblast, on July 1, 2012 the capital increased its area by 2.5 times, from about 1,000 km² to 2,500 km², and gained an additional population of 230,000 inhabitants.
Moscow is located on the banks of the Moskva River, in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history, the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the Grand Duchy of Moscow of the Middle Ages and the subsequent tsarism of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is home to the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that today is the residence of the Russian president and the executive branch of the Russian Government. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian Parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) are also based in Moscow.
The city is served by an extensive transport network that includes three international airports, nine railway stations and one of the world's deepest metro systems, the Moscow Metro, surpassed only by Tokyo in terms of number of passengers. Its suburban is recognized as one of the richest and varied architecturally in its 185 stations that has distributed throughout the city. According to Forbes 2011, Moscow has the second largest multi-million dollar community in the world.
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